Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM) is an enhanced version of DMEM, supplemented with additional amino acids, vitamins, selenium, sodium pyruvate, and HEPES buffer. Unlike standard DMEM, IMDM excludes iron, replacing Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O with KNO₃. As a protein-free, lipid-free, and growth factor-free medium, IMDM often requires supplementation (e.g., serum) for optimal cell growth. It utilizes a sodium bicarbonate buffer system, necessitating a 5–10% CO₂ environment for pH stability.