Antibody Preparation Technology

Antibody preparation is the step that directs antibody generation and involves preparation of antigen samples and their safe injection into laboratory or farm animals to induce high expression levels of antigen-specific antibodies in the serum, which can then be recovered from the animal.

Due to the development of antibody production technology, there are many ways to produce antibodies. According to the principle and method of preparation, it can be divided into the preparation of polyclonal antibody, the preparation of monoclonal antibody and the preparation of genetically engineered antibody.

• The preparation of monoclonal antibody
  Monoclonal antibody is a highly homogeneous antibody produced by a single B cell clone that only targets a specific antigenic epitope. It is usually prepared using hybridoma technology. Hybridoma antibody technology is based on cell fusion technology, which fuses sensitized B cells with the ability to secrete specific antibodies and myeloma cells with proliferation ability into B cell hybridomas. Using a single hybridoma cell with this characteristic to cultivate a cell population, a specific antibody against an antigenic epitope, that is, a monoclonal antibody, can be prepared.
  The preparation process is as follows:
  
  1. Normal mouse immunization
  2. Physical, chemical and biological methods to promote cell fusion
  3. Hybridoma cells screening and culture
  4. Monoclonal antibody purification

Fig. 1 Monoclonal antibody production using hybridomas.

• The preparation of polyclonal antibody
  Immunizing animals with an antigen containing multiple antigenic determinants can stimulate multiple B cell clones in the body to produce different antibodies against multiple antigenic epitopes. The obtained immune serum is actually a mixture containing various antibodies.
  The preparation process is as follows:
  
  1. Protein antigen design and expression
  2. Normal immune treatment
  3. Antigen affinity purification
  4. Efficacy testing

Fig. 2 A typical process of polyclonal antibody production.

• The preparation of genetically engineering antibody
  Genetically engineering antibodies are also called recombinant antibodies. It refers to the use of recombinant DNA and protein engineering technology to process and reassemble the gene encoding the antibody according to different needs, and then transfect the antibody molecule expressed by the appropriate recipient cells.

• Used for the life science experiments such as precipitation reaction, western blotting, etc.
• For the diagnosis and treatment of clinical diseases.

Laboratory Centrifuges

A centrifuge is any device that applies a sustained centrifugal force—that is, a force due to rotation. The widest use of centrifuges is for the concentration and purification of materials in suspension or dissolved in fluids. Suspended particles denser than the suspending liquid tend to migrate toward the periphery, while those less dense move toward the centre.

Autoclave Sterilizer

An autoclave is a machine that provides a physical method of sterilization by killing bacteria, viruses, and even spores present in the material put inside of the vessel using steam under pressure. Autoclave sterilizes the materials by heating them up to a particular temperature for a specific period of time. The autoclave is also called a steam sterilizer that is commonly used in healthcare facilities and industries for various purposes.

Tweezers, Scissors and Cutters

Scissors are hand-held instruments designed to cut thin materials, such as paper and cloth, consisting of two blades laid one on top of the other. They may be intended for use in specific applications such as cutting tissue or bone, dissections, etc. Scissors are used in the laboratory to cut various materials. Some are for general use and others are designed specifically for tissue dissection or surgery.

Laboratory Incubators

An incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures. It is made up of a chamber with a regulated temperature. An incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity, and other conditions such as the CO2 and oxygen content of the atmosphere inside. Incubators are essential for much experimental work in cell biology, microbiology, and molecular biology.

Mills and Grinders

A Lab grinding mill is a unit operation designed to break a solid material into smaller pieces. There are many different types of laboratory mills and grinders for lab and many types of materials processed in them. The grinding of solid matters occurs under exposure of mechanical forces that trench the structure by overcoming of the interior bonding forces. A typical type of fine grinder is the ball mill.

Chromatography Syringes

Chromatography syringes are gas-tight and leak-proof and primarily functions as a pipette or liquid-transfer device that loads a sample loop. It does not take an active role in injection, which occurs after the sample displaced from the syringe. It is mainly designed for the highest performance in applications such as liquid or gas chromatography and the handling of corrosive gasses and liquids, radioactive materials, and sterile solutions.

Laboratory Refrigeration

Laboratory refrigerators are designed with special features and options for use in the laboratory, including a range of refrigerator and freezer accessories. The primary function of a laboratory refrigerator is to maintain a defined, internal storage temperature in order to provide secure storage and protection of temperature-sensitive products, samples, specimens, chemicals, drugs, solutions, and other substances.

Inverted Microscope

An Inverted microscope is a microscope where the objective lenses are mounted below the stage and collect light that travels downward through the specimen to the objectives lenses below to form the magnified image. they do not require specimens to be “fixed” on a slide, thus enabling the magnification of whole organisms, large metal samples and live cells in culture mediums. Even large, heavy industrial samples can be magnified by these devices.

STEMart provides you with a variety of antibody preparation and purification technology equipment or consumables to meet your various R&D and application needs. If you have any questions or requirements for antibody preparation technology, please feel free to contact us.