The most widely used antibiotic mixture in cell culture is penicillin-streptomycin, which prevents contamination by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Penicillin (Pen or PCN), the first antibiotic and a classic beta-lactam drug derived from the green molds Penicillium notatum and Penicillium chrysogenum, primarily targets gram-positive bacteria. Streptomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by the soil microorganism Streptomyces griseus (an actinomycete), is effective against gram-negative bacteria and serves as a key bactericidal treatment for tuberculosis.