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Smad (abbreviated from Sma in nematodes and Mad in Drosophila) protein is a signal transduction molecule downstream of TGF-β family receptors. There are at least 9 smad proteins currently found in vertebrates, namely:<br />(a) Receptor-regulated Smads (R-Smads): Smad 1, Smad 2, Smad 3, Smad 5, and Smad 8;<br />(b) Co-regulate Smads: Smad 4 and Smad 10;<br />(C) Inhibitory Smads (I-Smads): Smad 6 and Smad 7.