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Pharmaceutical Analysis by Resonance Rayleigh Scattering (CAT#: STEM-ST-0017-YJL)

Introduction

Pharmaceutical analysis is a broader term which can be defined in many ways. It is the series of processes that are used for identification, determination, separation, purification, and structure elucidation of the given compound used in the formulation of pharmaceutical products. The components, to which the pharmaceutical analysis is done, are normally active pharmaceutical ingredients, pharmaceutical excipients, contaminants present in pharmaceutical products, or drug metabolites. In pharmaceutical analysis, the samples are typically finished pharmaceutical products, biological samples, impurities, contaminants, and pharmaceutical raw materials. Pharmaceutical analysis can be done using various analytical techniques. This chapter discusses in details the fundamentals of pharmaceutical analysis including its types and its associated important terminologies.




Principle

Resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) is similar to Rayleigh scattering in nature. Resonance Rayleigh scattering is a special elastic scattering produced when the wavelength of Rayleigh scattering (RS) is located at or close to its molecular absorption band. The key to generating RRS is: when the scattering is at or close to the absorption band of the scattering molecule, since the electron absorbs the electromagnetic wave at the same frequency as the scattering frequency, the electron strongly absorbs the photon energy due to resonance and re-scatters. Its scattering intensity is several orders of magnitude higher than that of pure Rayleigh scattering, and it no longer obeys the Rayleigh law of I∝λ-4. This absorption-rescattering process is called resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS).

Applications

Resonance Rayleigh scattering is used to the study of aggregation of chromophores on biological macromolecules and the determination of biological macromolecules such as nucleic acid, proteins and heparin, further, it has been used in the determination of trace amounts of inorganic ions and the cationic surfactant by means of ion association reactions with some dyes. In addition, it has been applied to the study of nanoparticles in liquid and the determination of β-cyclodextrin inclusion constant and the critical micelle concentration of surfactant.

Procedure

1. Sample preparation
2. Measurement by scattering detection instrument
3. Data analysis

Materials

Rayleigh scattering measurement system