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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a strong endothelial-cell-specific mitogen that plays central roles in the regulation of physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis. It can bind to extracellular receptor tyrosine kinases and activate different intracellular signaling pathways, which will in turn stimulate vascular endothelial cell growth, survival, and proliferation. In mammals, the VEGF family consists of five subgroups: VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and the placenta growth factor. VEGF-A is the prototype member, with at least four isoforms: VEGF121, VEGF165, VEGF189, and VEGF206. Among these, VEGF165 is the most potent pro-angiogenic isoform and has been widely used as a biomarker for several human diseases, including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, bronchial asthma, and diabetic eye disease.